51工具盒子0x00 前言
OpenSSL官方在7月9日发布了编号为 CVE-2015-1793 的交叉证书验证绕过漏洞，其中主要影响了OpenSSL的1.0.1和1.0.2分支。1.0.0和0.9.8分支不受影响。
360安全研究员au2o3t对该漏洞进行了原理上的分析，确认是一个绕过交叉链类型证书验证的高危漏洞，可以让攻击者构造证书来绕过交叉验证，用来形成诸如"中间人"等形式的攻击。
0x01 漏洞基本原理
直接看最简单的利用方法（利用方法包括但不限于此）：
攻击者从一公共可信的 CA （C）处签得一证书 X，并以此证书签发另一证书 V（含对X的交叉引用），那么攻击者发出的证书链 V, R （R为任意证书）对信任 C 的用户将是可信的。
显然用户对 V, R 链的验证会返回失败。
对不支持交叉链认证的老版本来说，验证过程将以失败结束。
对支持交叉认证的版本，则将会尝试构建交叉链 V, X, C，并继续进行验证。
虽然 V, X, C 链能通过可信认证，但会因 X 的用法不包括 CA 而导致验证失败。
但在 openssl-1.0.2c 版本，因在对交叉链的处理中，对最后一个不可信证书位置计数的错误，导致本应对 V, X 记为不可信并验证，错记为了仅对 V 做验证，而没有验证攻击者的证书 X，返回验证成功。
0x02 具体漏洞分析
漏洞代码位于文件：openssl-1.0.2c/crypto/x509/x509_vfy.c
函数：X509_verify_cert() 中
第 392 行：ctx->last_untrusted--;
对问题函数 X509_verify_cert 的简单分析：
（ 为方便阅读，仅保留与证书验证强相关的代码，去掉了诸如变量定义、错误处理、资源释放等非主要代码）
问题在于由 <1> 处加入颁发者时及 <2> 处验证（颁发者）后，证书链计数增加，但 最后一个不可信证书位置计数 并未增加， 而在 <4> 处去除过程中 最后一个不可信证书位置计数 额外减少了，导致后面验证过程中少验。
（上述 V, X, C 链中应验 V, X 但少验了 X）
代码分析如下
#!c++ int X509_verify_cert(X509_STORE_CTX *ctx) { // 将 ctx->cert 做为不信任证书压入需验证链 ctx->chain // STACK_OF(X509) *chain 将被构造为证书链，并最终送到 internal_verify() 中去验证 sk_X509_push(ctx->chain,ctx->cert); // 当前链长度（==1） num = sk_X509_num(ctx->chain); // 取出第 num 个证书 x = sk_X509_value(ctx->chain, num - 1); // 存在不信任链则复制之 if (ctx->untrusted != NULL && (sktmp = sk_X509_dup(ctx->untrusted)) == NULL) { X509err(X509_F_X509_VERIFY_CERT, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE); goto end; } // 预设定的最大链深度（100） depth = param->depth; // 构造需验证证书链 for (;;) { // 超长退出 if (depth < num) break; // 遇自签退出（链顶） if (cert_self_signed(x)) break; if (ctx->untrusted != NULL) { xtmp = find_issuer(ctx, sktmp, x); // 当前证书为不信任颁发者（应需CA标志）颁发 if (xtmp != NULL) { // 则加入需验证链 if (!sk_X509_push(ctx->chain, xtmp)) { X509err(X509_F_X509_VERIFY_CERT, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE); goto end; } CRYPTO_add(&xtmp->references, 1, CRYPTO_LOCK_X509); (void)sk_X509_delete_ptr(sktmp, xtmp); // 最后一个不可信证书位置计数 自增1 ctx->last_untrusted++; x = xtmp; num++; continue; } } break; } do { i = sk_X509_num(ctx->chain); x = sk_X509_value(ctx->chain, i - 1); // 若最顶证书是自签的 if (cert_self_signed(x)) { // 若需验证链长度 == 1 if (sk_X509_num(ctx->chain) == 1) { // 在可信链中查找其颁发者（找自己） ok = ctx->get_issuer(&xtmp, ctx, x); ` // 没找到或不是相同证书 if ((ok <= 0) || X509_cmp(x, xtmp)) { ctx->error = X509_V_ERR_DEPTH_ZERO_SELF_SIGNED_CERT; ctx->current_cert = x; ctx->error_depth = i - 1; if (ok == 1) X509_free(xtmp); bad_chain = 1; ok = cb(0, ctx); if (!ok) goto end; // 找到 } else { X509_free(x); x = xtmp; // 入到可信链 (void)sk_X509_set(ctx->chain, i - 1, x); // 最后一个不可信证书位置计数 置0 ctx->last_untrusted = 0; } // 最顶为自签证书 且 证书链长度>1 } else { // 弹出 chain_ss = sk_X509_pop(ctx->chain); // 最后一个不可信证书位置计数 自减 ctx->last_untrusted--; num--; j--; // 保持指向当前最顶证书 x = sk_X509_value(ctx->chain, num - 1); } } // <1> // 继续构造证书链（加入颁发者） for (;;) { // 自签退出 if (cert_self_signed(x)) break; // 在可信链中查找其颁发者 ok = ctx->get_issuer(&xtmp, ctx, x); // 出错 if (ok < 0) return ok; // 没找到 if (ok == 0) break; x = xtmp; // 将不可信证书的颁发者（证书）加入需验证证书链 if (!sk_X509_push(ctx->chain, x)) { X509_free(xtmp); X509err(X509_F_X509_VERIFY_CERT, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE); return 0; } num++; } // <2> // 验证 for(;;) 中加入的颁发者链 i = check_trust(ctx); if (i == X509_TRUST_REJECTED) goto end; retry = 0; // <3> // 检查交叉链 if (i != X509_TRUST_TRUSTED && !(ctx->param->flags & X509_V_FLAG_TRUSTED_FIRST) && !(ctx->param->flags & X509_V_FLAG_NO_ALT_CHAINS)) { while (j-- > 1) { xtmp2 = sk_X509_value(ctx->chain, j - 1); // 其实得到一个"看似合理"的证书就返回，这里实际上仅仅根据 CN域 查找颁发者 ok = ctx->get_issuer(&xtmp, ctx, xtmp2); if (ok < 0) goto end; // 存在交叉链 if (ok > 0) { X509_free(xtmp);// 去除交叉链以上部分 while (num &gt; j) { xtmp = sk_X509_pop(ctx-&gt;chain); X509_free(xtmp); num--; // &lt;4&gt; // 问题所在 ctx-&gt;last_untrusted--; } // &lt;5&gt; retry = 1; break; } } }
} while (retry); ...... ` }
官方的解决方法是在 <5> 处重新计算 最后一个不可信证书位置计数 的值为链长：
ctx->last_untrusted = sk_X509_num(ctx->chain);
并去掉 <4> 处的 最后一个不可信证书位置计数 自减运算（其实去不去掉都无所谓）。 另一个解决办法可以是在 <1> <2> 后，在 <3> 处重置 最后一个不可信证书位置计数，加一行：
ctx->last_untrusted = num;
这样 <4> 处不用删除，而逻辑也是合理并前后一致的。
0x03 漏洞验证
笔者修改了部分代码并做了个Poc 。 修改代码：
#!c++
int X509_verify_cert(X509_STORE_CTX *ctx)
{
X509 *x, *xtmp, *xtmp2, *chain_ss = NULL;
int bad_chain = 0;
X509_VERIFY_PARAM *param = ctx->param;
int depth, i, ok = 0;
int num, j, retry;
int (*cb) (int xok, X509_STORE_CTX *xctx);
STACK_OF(X509) *sktmp = NULL;
if (ctx->cert == NULL) {
X509err(X509_F_X509_VERIFY_CERT, X509_R_NO_CERT_SET_FOR_US_TO_VERIFY);
return -1;
}
`cb = ctx->verify_cb;
/*
- first we make sure the chain we are going to build is present and that
- the first entry is in place
*/
if (ctx->chain == NULL) {
if (((ctx->chain = sk_X509_new_null()) == NULL) ||
(!sk_X509_push(ctx->chain, ctx->cert))) {
X509err(X509_F_X509_VERIFY_CERT, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
goto end;
}
CRYPTO_add(&ctx->cert->references, 1, CRYPTO_LOCK_X509);
ctx->last_untrusted = 1;
}
/* We use a temporary STACK so we can chop and hack at it */
if (ctx->untrusted != NULL
&& (sktmp = sk_X509_dup(ctx->untrusted)) == NULL) {
X509err(X509_F_X509_VERIFY_CERT, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
goto end;
}
num = sk_X509_num(ctx->chain);
x = sk_X509_value(ctx->chain, num - 1);
depth = param->depth;
for (;;) {
/* If we have enough, we break /
if (depth < num)
break; / FIXME: If this happens, we should take
* note of it and, if appropriate, use the
* X509_V_ERR_CERT_CHAIN_TOO_LONG error code
* later. */
/* If we are self signed, we break */
if (cert_self_signed(x))
break;
/*
- If asked see if we can find issuer in trusted store first
/
if (ctx-&gt;param-&gt;flags &amp; X509_V_FLAG_TRUSTED_FIRST) {
ok = ctx-&gt;get_issuer(&amp;xtmp, ctx, x);
if (ok &lt; 0)
return ok;
/
- If successful for now free up cert so it will be picked up
- again later.
*/
if (ok &gt; 0) {
X509_free(xtmp);
break;
}
}
/* If we were passed a cert chain, use it first /
if (ctx-&gt;untrusted != NULL) {
xtmp = find_issuer(ctx, sktmp, x);
if (xtmp != NULL) {
if (!sk_X509_push(ctx-&gt;chain, xtmp)) {
X509err(X509_F_X509_VERIFY_CERT, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
goto end;
}
CRYPTO_add(&amp;xtmp-&gt;references, 1, CRYPTO_LOCK_X509);
(void)sk_X509_delete_ptr(sktmp, xtmp);
ctx-&gt;last_untrusted++;
x = xtmp;
num++;
/
* reparse the full chain for the next one
*/
continue;
}
}
break;
}
/* Remember how many untrusted certs we have /
j = num;
/
- at this point, chain should contain a list of untrusted certificates.
- We now need to add at least one trusted one, if possible, otherwise we
- complain.
*/
do {
/*
* Examine last certificate in chain and see if it is self signed.
/
i = sk_X509_num(ctx->chain);
x = sk_X509_value(ctx->chain, i - 1);
if (cert_self_signed(x)) {
/ we have a self signed certificate /
if (sk_X509_num(ctx->chain) == 1) {
/
* We have a single self signed certificate: see if we can
* find it in the store. We must have an exact match to avoid
* possible impersonation.
/
ok = ctx->get_issuer(&xtmp, ctx, x);
if ((ok <= 0) || X509_cmp(x, xtmp)) {
ctx->error = X509_V_ERR_DEPTH_ZERO_SELF_SIGNED_CERT;
ctx->current_cert = x;
ctx->error_depth = i - 1;
if (ok == 1)
X509_free(xtmp);
bad_chain = 1;
ok = cb(0, ctx);
if (!ok)
goto end;
} else {
/
* We have a match: replace certificate with store
* version so we get any trust settings.
/
X509_free(x);
x = xtmp;
(void)sk_X509_set(ctx->chain, i - 1, x);
ctx->last_untrusted = 0;
}
} else {
/
* extract and save self signed certificate for later use
/
chain_ss = sk_X509_pop(ctx->chain);
ctx->last_untrusted--;
num--;
j--;
x = sk_X509_value(ctx->chain, num - 1);
}
}
/ We now lookup certs from the certificate store /
for (;;) {
/ If we have enough, we break /
if (depth < num)
break;
/ If we are self signed, we break */
if (cert_self_signed(x))
break;
ok = ctx->get_issuer(&xtmp, ctx, x);
if (ok &lt; 0)
return ok;
if (ok == 0)
break;
x = xtmp;
if (!sk_X509_push(ctx-&gt;chain, x)) {
X509_free(xtmp);
X509err(X509_F_X509_VERIFY_CERT, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
return 0;
}
num++;
}
/* we now have our chain, lets check it... */
i = check_trust(ctx);
/* If explicitly rejected error */
if (i == X509_TRUST_REJECTED)
goto end;
/*
- If it's not explicitly trusted then check if there is an alternative
- chain that could be used. We only do this if we haven't already
- checked via TRUSTED_FIRST and the user hasn't switched off alternate
chain checking
*/
retry = 0;
// <1> //ctx->last_untrusted = num; if (i != X509_TRUST_TRUSTED
&& !(ctx->param->flags & X509_V_FLAG_TRUSTED_FIRST)
&& !(ctx->param->flags & X509_V_FLAG_NO_ALT_CHAINS)) {
while (j-- > 1) {
xtmp2 = sk_X509_value(ctx->chain, j - 1);
ok = ctx->get_issuer(&xtmp, ctx, xtmp2);
if (ok < 0)
goto end;
/* Check if we found an alternate chain /
if (ok > 0) {
/
* Free up the found cert we'll add it again later
*/
X509_free(xtmp);
/*
* Dump all the certs above this point - we've found an
* alternate chain
*/
while (num &gt; j) {
xtmp = sk_X509_pop(ctx-&gt;chain);
X509_free(xtmp);
num--;
ctx-&gt;last_untrusted--;
}
retry = 1;
break;
}
}
}
} while (retry); ` printf(" num=%d, real-num=%d\n", ctx->last_untrusted, sk_X509_num(ctx->chain) ); /*
-
If not explicitly trusted then indicate error unless it's a single
-
self signed certificate in which case we've indicated an error already
-
and set bad_chain == 1 */ `if (i != X509_TRUST_TRUSTED && !bad_chain) { if ((chain_ss == NULL) || !ctx->check_issued(ctx, x, chain_ss)) { if (ctx->last_untrusted >= num) ctx->error = X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT_LOCALLY; else ctx->error = X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT; ctx->current_cert = x; } else { sk_X509_push(ctx->chain, chain_ss); num++; ctx->last_untrusted = num; ctx->current_cert = chain_ss; ctx->error = X509_V_ERR_SELF_SIGNED_CERT_IN_CHAIN; chain_ss = NULL; }
ctx->error_depth = num - 1; bad_chain = 1; ok = cb(0, ctx); if (!ok) goto end; }
printf("flag=1\n"); /* We have the chain complete: now we need to check its purpose */ ok = check_chain_extensions(ctx);if (!ok) goto end;printf("flag=2\n"); /* Check name constraints */ok = check_name_constraints(ctx);
if (!ok)
goto end;
printf("flag=3\n"); ok = check_id(ctx);if (!ok)
goto end;
printf("flag=4\n"); /* We may as well copy down any DSA parameters that are required */ X509_get_pubkey_parameters(NULL, ctx->chain);/*
- Check revocation status: we do this after copying parameters because
- they may be needed for CRL signature verification. */
ok = ctx->check_revocation(ctx); if (!ok) goto end; ` printf("flag=5\n"); i = X509_chain_check_suiteb(&ctx->error_depth, NULL, ctx->chain, ctx->param->flags); if (i != X509_V_OK) { ctx->error = i; ctx->current_cert = sk_X509_value(ctx->chain, ctx->error_depth); ok = cb(0, ctx); if (!ok) goto end; } printf("flag=6\n"); /* At this point, we have a chain and need to verify it / if (ctx->verify != NULL) ok = ctx->verify(ctx); else ok = internal_verify(ctx); if (!ok) goto end; printf("flag=7\n"); #ifndef OPENSSL_NO_RFC3779 / RFC 3779 path validation, now that CRL check has been done / ok = v3_asid_validate_path(ctx); if (!ok) goto end; ok = v3_addr_validate_path(ctx); if (!ok) goto end; #endif printf("flag=8\n"); / If we get this far evaluate policies */ if (!bad_chain && (ctx->param->flags & X509_V_FLAG_POLICY_CHECK)) ok = ctx->check_policy(ctx); if (!ok) goto end; if (0) { end: X509_get_pubkey_parameters(NULL, ctx->chain); } if (sktmp != NULL) sk_X509_free(sktmp); if (chain_ss != NULL) X509_free(chain_ss); printf("ok=%d\n", ok );
return ok;
}
Poc:
?
//
//里头的证书文件自己去找一个，这个不提供了
//
#include <stdio.h>
#include <openssl/crypto.h>
#include <openssl/bio.h>
#include <openssl/x509.h>
#include <openssl/pem.h>
STACK_OF(X509) *load_certs_from_file(const char *file)
{
STACK_OF(X509) *certs;
BIO *bio;
X509 *x;
bio = BIO_new_file( file, "r");
certs = sk_X509_new_null();
do
{
x = PEM_read_bio_X509(bio, NULL, 0, NULL);
sk_X509_push(certs, x);
}while( x != NULL );
return certs;
}
void test(void)
{
X509 *x = NULL;
STACK_OF(X509) *untrusted = NULL;
BIO *bio = NULL;
X509_STORE_CTX *sctx = NULL;
X509_STORE *store = NULL;
X509_LOOKUP *lookup = NULL;
store = X509_STORE_new(); lookup = X509_STORE_add_lookup( store, X509_LOOKUP_file() ); X509_LOOKUP_load_file(lookup, "roots.pem", X509_FILETYPE_PEM); untrusted = load_certs_from_file("untrusted.pem"); bio = BIO_new_file("bad.pem", "r"); x = PEM_read_bio_X509(bio, NULL, 0, NULL); sctx = X509_STORE_CTX_new(); X509_STORE_CTX_init(sctx, store, x, untrusted); X509_verify_cert(sctx);
}
int main(void)
{
test();
return 0;
}
将代码中 X509_verify_cert() 函数加入输出信息如下： 编译，以伪造证书测试，程序输出信息为：
num=1, real-num=3
flag=1
flag=2
flag=3
flag=4
flag=5
flag=6
flag=7
flag=8
ok=1
认证成功 将 <1> 处注释代码去掉，编译，再以伪造证书测试，程序输出信息为：
num=3, real-num=3
flag=1
ok=0
认证失败
0x04 安全建议
建议使用受影响版本（OpenSSL 1.0.2b/1.0.2c 和 OpenSSL 1.0.1n/1.0.1o）的 产品或代码升级OpenSSL到最新版本
