51工具盒子minikube version: v1.16.0
Pod的分类 {#pod的分类}
Pod的分类：
- 自主式Pod： Pod退出了，此类型的Pod不会被创建
- 控制器管理的Pod：在控制器的生命周期里，始终要维持Pod的副本数目
Init容器 {#init容器}
init c探测模板
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: myapp-pod
labels:
app: myapp
spec:
containers:
- name: myapp-container
image: busybox
command: ["sh", "-c", "echo The app is running! && sleep 3600"]
initContainers:
- name: init-myservice
image: busybox
# myservice对应svc
command:
[
"sh",
"-c",
"until nslookup myservice;do echo waiting for myservice;sleep 2;done;",
]
- name: init-mydb
image: busybox
# 解析mydb的主机名与svc有关如果有mydb对应的svc那么k8s内部的dns会将mydb这个svc解析为对应的ip
command:
[
"sh",
"-c",
"until nslookup mydb;do echo waiting for mydb;sleep 2;done;",
]
创建以下两个svc(service的简称)
myservice
kind: Service
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
name: myservice
spec:
ports:
- protocol: TCP
port: 80
targetPort: 9376
mydb
kind: Service
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
name: mydb
spec:
ports:
- protocol: TCP
port: 80
targetPort: 9377
探针 {#探针}
探针是由kubelet对容器执行的定期诊断，要执行诊断，kubelet调用由容器实现的Handler。有三种类型的处理程序
- ExecAction: 在容器内执行指定命令。如果命令退出时返回码为0则认为诊断成功
- TCPSocketAction: 对指定端口上的容器的IP地址进行TCP检查。如果端口打开，则诊断被认为是成功的。
- HTTPGetAction: 对执行的端口和路径上的容器IP地址执行HTTP Get请求。如果响应的状态码大于的等于200且小于400,则诊断被认为是成功的
每次探针都将获得以下三种结果之一
- 成功: 容器通过了诊断。
- 失败：容器未通过诊断
- 未知：诊断失败，因此不会采取任何行动
探测方案有两种
- LivenessProbe: 指示容器是否正在运行。如果存活探测失败，则kubectl会杀死容器，并且容器将受到其重启策略的影响。如果容器不提供存活探针，则默认状态为Success
- ReadinessProbe: 指示容器是否准备好服务请求。如果探测失败，端点控制器将从与Pod匹配的所有Service的端点中删除该Pod的IP地址。初始延迟之前的就绪状态默认为Failure。如果容器不提供就绪探针，则默认状态为Success
探针就绪检测 {#探针就绪检测}
ReadinessProbe-httpget
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: readiness-httpget-pod
namespace: default
spec:
containers:
- name: readiness-httpget-container
image: nginx:1.19.6
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
readinessProbe:
httpGet:
port: 80
path: /index1.html
initialDelaySeconds: 1
periodSeconds: 3
生存检测 {#生存检测}
livenessProbe-exec
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: liveness-exec-pod
spec:
containers:
- name: liveness-exec-container
image: nginx:1.19.6
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
# 启动时创建/temp/live文件经过60s后删除它
# 在liveness检测时启动1分钟内文件都存在容器正常
# 1分钟后文件不存在，liveness检测不通过容器就会被k8s杀死,pod里的容器死亡pod就会重启
command:
[
"/bin/sh",
"-c",
"touch /tmp/live;sleep 60; rm -rf /tmp/live; sleep 3600;",
]
livenessProbe:
exec:
# 测试文件是否存在，如果存在返回值为0表正常
command: ["test", "-e", "/tmp/live"]
initialDelaySeconds: 1
periodSeconds: 3
livenessProbe-httpget
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: liveness-httpget-pod
spec:
containers:
- name: liveness-httpget-container
image: nginx:1.19.6
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
ports:
- name: http
containerPort: 80
livenessProbe:
httpGet:
port: http
path: /index.html
initialDelaySeconds: 1
periodSeconds: 3
livenessProbe-tcp
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: liveness-tcp-pod
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: nginx:1.19.6
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
livenessProbe:
tcpSocket:
# 监听80端口是否可连接
port: 80
timeoutSeconds: 1
initialDelaySeconds: 5
periodSeconds: 3
Initc、readiness、liveness可以相互配合使用
启动退出动作 {#启动退出动作}
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: lifecycle-demo
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: nginx:1.19.6
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
lifecycle:
# 启动之后
postStart:
exec:
command:
[
"/bin/sh",
"-c",
"echo Hello from the postStart handler > /usr/share/message.txt",
]
# 停止之前可以料理后事
preStop:
exec:
command: ["/bin/sh", "-c", "echo preStop死前料理后事"]
Status状态有以下几种值
-
Pending（挂起）: Pod已被
Kubernetes系统接受，但有一个或多个容器镜像尚未创建。等待时间包括调度Pod的时间和通过网络下载镜像的时间 -
Running（运行中）：该Pod已经绑定到了一个节点上，Pod中所有的容器都已被创建。至少有一个容器正在运行。或正处于启动或重启状态
-
Succeeded（成功）：Pod中的所有容器都被成功终止，并且不会再重启
-
Failed（失败）：Pod中的所有容器都已终止了，并且至少有一个容器是因为失败终止。也就是说，容器以非0状态退出或者被系统终止
-
Unknown（未知）：因为某些原因无法取得Pod的状态，通常是因为与Pod所在主机通信失败
Replica Sets {#replica-sets}
ReplicaSet（RS）是Replication Controller（RC）的升级版本。ReplicaSet 和 Replication Controller之间的唯一区别是对选择器的支持。ReplicaSet支持labels user guide中描述的set-based选择器要求， 而Replication Controller仅支持equality-based的选择器要求。
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: ReplicaSet
metadata:
name: frontend
spec:
# 指定rs副本数
replicas: 3
selector:
matchLabels:
tier: frontend
template:
metadata:
labels:
tier: frontend
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: nginx:1.19.6
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
ports:
- containerPort: 80
RS与Deployment的关联
Deployment {#deployment}
Deployment为Pod和Replica Set（升级版的 Replication Controller）提供声明式更新。
你只需要在 Deployment 中描述您想要的目标状态是什么，Deployment controller 就会帮您将 Pod 和ReplicaSet 的实际状态改变到您的目标状态。您可以定义一个全新的 Deployment 来创建 ReplicaSet 或者删除已有的 Deployment 并创建一个新的来替换。
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: nginx-deployment
spec:
replicas: 3
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: nginx:1.18
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
ports:
- containerPort: 80
执行
# record参数会记录执行过程
kubectl apply -f deployment-demo.yaml --record
Deployment使用申明式定义方法所以用apply创建
查看运行状态
$ kubectl get deployment
`NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
nginx-deployment 3/3 3 3 3m37s
`
创建Deployment会被创建RS可以通过以下命令验证
$ kubectl get rs
`NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE
nginx-deployment-76ccf9dd9d 3 3 3 4m14s
`
扩容
$ kubectl scale deployment nginx-deployment --replicas=4
更新镜像
$ kubectl set image deployment/nginx-deployment nginx=nginx:1.19
执行过程,会看到多出一个RS
$ kubectl set image deployment/nginx-deployment nginx=nginx:1.19
deployment.apps/nginx-deployment image updated
$ kubectl get deployment
NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
nginx-deployment 3/3 1 3 105s
$ kubectl get rs
NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE
nginx-deployment-67dfd6c8f9 3 3 3 111s
nginx-deployment-7cf55fb7bb 1 1 0 14s
$ kubectl get rs
NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE
nginx-deployment-67dfd6c8f9 0 0 0 2m
nginx-deployment-7cf55fb7bb 3 3 3 23
回滚(默认回滚到上一个版本)
$ kubectl rollout undo deployment/nginx-deployment
其他常用命令
# 查看回滚状态
$ kubectl rollout status deployment/nginx-deployment
# 查看回滚历史
$ kubectl rollout history deployment/nginx-deployment
# 回退到指定版本通过--to-reversion指定
$ kubectl rollout undo deployment/nginx-deployment --to-reversion=2
# 暂停deployment的更新
$ kubectl rollout pause deployment/nginx-deployment
DemonSet {#demonset}
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
# step1
name: daemonset-example
labels:
app: daemonset-demo
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
# 与step1保持一致
name: daemonset-example
template:
metadata:
labels:
name: daemonset-example
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: nginx:1.19.6
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
ports:
- containerPort: 80
Job {#job}
apiVersion: batch/v1
kind: Job
metadata:
name: pi
spec:
template:
metadata:
name: pi
spec:
containers:
- name: pi-container
image: perl
# 计算圆周率
command: ["perl", "-Mbignum=bpi", "-wle", "print bpi(2000)"]
restartPolicy: Never
查看输出日志就能看到2000位的圆周率输出
$ kubectl logs job/pi
CronJob {#cronjob}
声明式使用apply创建
创建job的操作应该是幂等的
apiVersion: batch/v1beta1
kind: CronJob
metadata:
name: hello
spec:
# 分 时 日 月 周
schedule: "*/1 * * * *"
jobTemplate:
# job
spec:
template:
# pod
spec:
containers:
- name: hello
image: busybox:1.32
args:
- /bin/sh
- -c
- date;echo Hello from the Kubernetes cluster
restartPolicy: Never
查看cronjob
$ kubectl get cronjob
SVC {#svc}
Deployment与SVC绑定演示
创建Deployment
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: myapp-deployment
spec:
replicas: 3
selector:
matchLabels:
app: myapp
release: stabel
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: myapp
release: stabel
env: test
spec:
containers:
- name: myapp
image: wangyanglinux/myapp:v2
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
ports:
- name: http
containerPort: 80
创建Service
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: myapp
spec:
type: ClusterIP
# 通过标签匹配pod
selector:
app: myapp
release: stabel
ports:
- name: http
port: 80
targetPort: 80
HeadlessService {#headlessservice}
有时不需要或不想要负载均衡以及单独的Service IP。遇到这种情况，可以通过指定Cluster IP(spec.clusterIP)的值为None来创建Headless Service。这类Service并不会分配Cluster IP， kube-proxy不会处理他们，而且平台也不会为他们进行负载均衡和路由
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: myapp-headless
namespace: default
spec:
selector:
app: myapp
clusterIP: "None"
ports:
- port: 80
targetPort: 80
创建svc后查看输出像这样
$ kubectl get svc
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
kubernetes ClusterIP 10.96.0.1 <none> 443/TCP 23h
myapp-headless ClusterIP None <none> 80/TCP 26s
SVC一旦创建成功会写入到coredns中去，写入格式为svc名称.所属名称空间名.集群域名可以获取K8S的dns地址
# 如果访问不到 进入minkube容器内部访问 执行: minikube ssh
$ kubectl get pod -n kube-system -o wide
输出像这样
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES
coredns-54d67798b7-5trfs 1/1 Running 1 23h 172.17.0.2 minikube <none> <none>
etcd-minikube 1/1 Running 1 23h 192.168.49.2 minikube <none> <none>
kube-apiserver-minikube 1/1 Running 1 23h 192.168.49.2 minikube <none> <none>
kube-controller-manager-minikube 1/1 Running 1 23h 192.168.49.2 minikube <none> <none>
kube-proxy-zm25c 1/1 Running 1 23h 192.168.49.2 minikube <none> <none>
kube-scheduler-minikube 1/1 Running 1 23h 192.168.49.2 minikube <none> <none>
storage-provisioner 1/1 Running 2 23h 192.168.49.2 minikube <none> <none>
可以看到coredns
# 通过coredns ip进行svc解析
dig -t A myapp-headless.default.svc.cluster.local. @172.17.0.2
输出结果像这样
docker@minikube:~$ dig -t A myapp-headless.default.svc.cluster.local. @172.17.0.2
; \<\<\>\> DiG 9.16.1-Ubuntu \<\<\>\> -t A myapp-headless.default.svc.cluster.local. @172.17.0.2
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; WARNING: .local is reserved for Multicast DNS
;; You are currently testing what happens when an mDNS query is leaked to DNS
;; -\>\>HEADER\<\<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 34601
;; flags: qr aa rd; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 3, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1
;; WARNING: recursion requested but not available
;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 4096
; COOKIE: 1a5ce669b9476b67 (echoed)
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;myapp-headless.default.svc.cluster.local. IN A
;; ANSWER SECTION:
myapp-headless.default.svc.cluster.local. 30 IN A 172.17.0.5
myapp-headless.default.svc.cluster.local. 30 IN A 172.17.0.4
myapp-headless.default.svc.cluster.local. 30 IN A 172.17.0.3
`;; Query time: 3 msec
;; SERVER: 172.17.0.2#53(172.17.0.2)
;; WHEN: Wed Jan 20 07:55:14 UTC 2021
;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 249
`
NodePort {#nodeport}
将服务暴露给外部用户，nodePort的原理在于在node上开了一个端口，将该端口的流量导入到kube-proxy，然后由kube-proxy进一步导给对应的pod
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: myapp
namespace: default
spec:
type: NodePort
selector:
app: myapp
ports:
- name: http
port: 80
targetPort: 80
LoadBalancer {#loadbalancer}
LoadBalancer和NodePort其实是同一种方式，区别在于LoadBalancer比NodePort多了一步，就是可以调用cloud provider去创建LB来向节点导流
ExternalName
这种类型的Service通过返回CNAME和它的值，可以将服务映射到externalName字段的内容例如:k8s.guqing.xyz。ExternalName Service是Service的特例，它没有selector,也没有定义任何的端口Endpoint。相反的，对于运行在集群外部的服务，它通过返回该外部服务的别名这种方式提供服务
kind: Service
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
name: my-service-1
namespace: default
spec:
type: ExternalName
externalName: my.database.example.com
当查询主机my-service.default.svc.cluster.local（格式为:SVC_NAME.NAMESPACE.svc.cluster.local）时，集群的DNS服务将返回一个值 my.database.example.com的CNAME记录。访问这个服务的工作方式和其他相同，唯一不同的是重定向发生在DNS层，而且不会进行代理或转发
创建svc如下
$ kubectl get svc
`NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
kubernetes ClusterIP 10.96.0.1 <none> 443/TCP 3d
my-service-1 ExternalName <none> my.database.example.com <none> 3s
`
解析过程如下
docker@minikube:~$ dig -t A my-service-1.default.svc.cluster.local. @172.17.0.2
; \<\<\>\> DiG 9.16.1-Ubuntu \<\<\>\> -t A my-service-1.default.svc.cluster.local. @172.17.0.2
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; WARNING: .local is reserved for Multicast DNS
;; You are currently testing what happens when an mDNS query is leaked to DNS
;; -\>\>HEADER\<\<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 24122
;; flags: qr aa rd; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1
;; WARNING: recursion requested but not available
;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 4096
; COOKIE: 9ba11bfc7ec49fd9 (echoed)
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;my-service-1.default.svc.cluster.local. IN A
;; ANSWER SECTION:
my-service-1.default.svc.cluster.local. 30 IN CNAME my.database.example.com.
`;; Query time: 1007 msec
;; SERVER: 172.17.0.2#53(172.17.0.2)
;; WHEN: Fri Jan 22 08:53:19 UTC 2021
;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 154
`
Ingress-Nginx {#ingress-nginx}
Here is a simple example where an Ingress sends all its traffic to one Service:
minikube安装ingress-nginx
$ minikube addons enable ingress
$ kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/ingress-nginx/controller-v0.43.0/deploy/static/provider/baremetal/deploy.yaml
验证安装
$ kubectl get pods -n ingress-nginx
Ingress HTTP代理访问 {#ingress-http代理访问}
deployment
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: nginx-dm
spec:
replicas: 2
selector:
matchLabels:
name: nginx
template:
metadata:
labels:
name: nginx
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: wangyanglinux/myapp:v1
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
ports:
- containerPort: 80
Service
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: nginx-svc
spec:
selector:
name: nginx
ports:
- port: 80
targetPort: 80
protocol: TCP
Ingress
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
name: nginx-test
annotations:
nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/rewrite-target: /
spec:
rules:
- host: www1.guqing.xyz
http:
paths:
- path: /
pathType: Prefix
backend:
service:
name: nginx-svc
port:
number: 80
执行过程
$ minikube addons enable ingress
* The 'ingress' addon is enabled
$ kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/ingress-nginx/controller-v0.43.0/deploy/static/provider/baremetal/deploy.yaml
namespace/ingress-nginx created
serviceaccount/ingress-nginx created
configmap/ingress-nginx-controller created
clusterrole.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/ingress-nginx created
clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/ingress-nginx created
$ kubectl get pods -n ingress-nginx
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
ingress-nginx-admission-create-58mz2 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 11s
ingress-nginx-admission-patch-s9c2c 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 11s
ingress-nginx-controller-697b57b496-hj9cb 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 12s
创建deployment
============
$ kubectl apply -f deployment.yaml
创建svc
=====
$ kubectl apply -f svc.yaml
service/nginx-svc created
$ kubectl get svc
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
kubernetes ClusterIP 10.96.0.1 \<none\> 443/TCP 4m47s
nginx-svc ClusterIP 10.103.242.217 \<none\> 80/TCP 2m41s
创建ingress
=========
$ kubectl apply -f ingress.yaml
$ kubectl get svc -n ingress-nginx
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
ingress-nginx-controller NodePort 10.111.21.135 \<none\> 80:30793/TCP,443:30261/TCP 7m10s
ingress-nginx-controller-admission ClusterIP 10.102.127.39 \<none\> 443/TCP 7m10s
查看访问地址
======
$ minikube service -n ingress-nginx ingress-nginx-controller --url
http://172.17.0.16:30162
http://172.17.0.16:30747
$ vim /etc/hosts
添加记录指向ingress域名
===============
172.17.0.16 www1.guqing.xyz
===========================
`$ curl www1.guqing.xyz
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
`
Ingress域名代理访问示例 {#ingress域名代理访问示例}
以下步骤将在K8S提供的Minikube终端下运行 Launch Terminal
minikube version: v1.8.1
结构图示如下：
- 启动ingress插件
$ minikube addons enable ingress
* The 'ingress' addon is enabled
$ kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/ingress-nginx/controller-v0.43.0/deploy/static/provider/baremetal/deploy.yaml
`namespace/ingress-nginx created
serviceaccount/ingress-nginx created
configmap/ingress-nginx-controller created
clusterrole.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/ingress-nginx created
clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/ingress-nginx created
role.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/ingress-nginx created
rolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/ingress-nginx created
service/ingress-nginx-controller-admission created
service/ingress-nginx-controller created
deployment.apps/ingress-nginx-controller created
`
- 创建两个deployment和两个svc分别对应
deployment-svc-1.yaml标签为name=nginx1,容器名nginx1并与svc-1绑定
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: deployment1
spec:
replicas: 2
selector:
matchLabels:
name: nginx1
template:
metadata:
labels:
name: nginx1
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx1
# 使用v1版本
image: wangyanglinux/myapp:v1
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
ports:
- containerPort: 80
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: svc-1
spec:
selector:
name: nginx1
ports:
- port: 80
targetPort: 80
protocol: TCP
deployment-svc-2.yaml标签为name=nginx2,容器名nginx2并与svc-2绑定
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: deployment2
spec:
replicas: 2
selector:
matchLabels:
name: nginx2
template:
metadata:
labels:
name: nginx2
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx2
# 使用v2版本
image: wangyanglinux/myapp:v2
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
ports:
- containerPort: 80
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: svc-2
spec:
selector:
name: nginx2
ports:
- port: 80
targetPort: 80
protocol: TCP
创建
$ kubectl apply -f deployment-svc-1.yaml
$ kubectl apply -f deployment-svc-2.yaml
验证是否符合预期
$ kubectl get svc
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
kubernetes ClusterIP 10.96.0.1 <none> 443/TCP 31m
svc-1 ClusterIP 10.98.45.49 <none> 80/TCP 23m
svc-2 ClusterIP 10.98.55.46 <none> 80/TCP 20m
访问svc-1
=======
$ curl 10.98.45.49
Hello MyApp \| Version: v1 \| \<a href="hostname.html"\>Pod Name\</a\>
访问svc-2
=======
`$ curl 10.98.55.46
Hello MyApp | Version: v2 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
`
- 创建Ingress规则(
ingress-rules.yaml),创建ingress-1与svc-1绑定,ingress-2与svc-2绑定
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
name: ingress-1
spec:
rules:
- host: ingress1.guqing.xyz
http:
paths:
- path: /
backend:
serviceName: svc-1
servicePort: 80
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
name: ingress-2
annotations:
nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/rewrite-target: /
spec:
rules:
- host: ingress2.guqing.xyz
http:
paths:
- path: /
backend:
serviceName: svc-2
servicePort: 80
创建
$ kubectl apply -f ingress-rules.yaml
进入到ingress容器中查看nginx配置
$ kubectl get pods -n ingress-nginx
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
ingress-nginx-admission-create-fw2r6 0/1 Completed 0 38m
ingress-nginx-admission-patch-rsh8f 0/1 Completed 0 38m
ingress-nginx-controller-697b57b496-r8vpk 1/1 Running 0 38m
$ kubectl exec ingress-nginx-controller-697b57b496-r8vpk -n ingress-nginx -it -- /bin/bash
bash-5.0$ cat /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
此时会看到nginx的配置文件中自动被配置了ingress-rules.yaml中设置的两个host对应的域名
- 配置
hosts文件模拟访问域名
$ kubectl get ingress
NAME HOSTS ADDRESS PORTS AGE
ingress-1 ingress1.guqing.xyz 172.17.0.33 80 4m1s
ingress-2 ingress2.guqing.xyz 172.17.0.33 80 4m1s
`$ vim /etc/hosts
`
查看访问端口
$ kubectl get svc -n ingress-nginx
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
ingress-nginx-controller NodePort 10.110.79.62 <none> 80:31394/TCP,443:30567/TCP 4m1s
ingress-nginx-controller-admission ClusterIP 10.110.32.131 <none> 443/TCP 4m1s
访问
$ curl ingress1.guqing.xyz:31394
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
`$ curl ingress2.guqing.xyz:31394
Hello MyApp | Version: v2 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
`
Ingress HTTPS代理访问 {#ingress-https代理访问}
创建证书及cert存储方式
$ open ssl req -x500 -sha256 -nodes -days 365 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout tls.key -out tls.crt -subj "/CN=nginxsvc/O=nginxsvc"
`$ kubectl create secret tls tls-secret --key tls.crt
`
Ingress配置示例
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
name: ingress-3
spec:
tls:
- hosts:
- foo.bar.com
# 与tls指定的名称一致
secretName: tls-secret
rules:
- host: foo.bar.com
http:
paths:
- path: /
backend:
serviceName: svc-3
servicePort: 80
Nginx Basic Auth {#nginx-basic-auth}
$ yum -y install httpd
# 创建文件为auth 用户名为foo
$ htpasswd -c auth foo
$ kubectl create secret generic basic-auth --form-file=auth
创建ingress yaml
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
name: ingress-with-auth
annotations:
nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/auth-type: basic
nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/auth-secret: basic-auth
nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/auth-realm: "Authentication Required - foo"
spec:
rules:
- host: foo2.bar.com
http:
paths:
- path: /
backend:
serviceName: svc-4
servicePort: 80
Nginx重写 {#nginx重写}
| 名称 | 描述 | 值 | |------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------|----| | nginx.ingress.kubernets.io/rewrite-target | 必须重定向流量到目标URL | 串 | | nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/ssl-redirect | 指定位置部分是否仅可访问SSL(当Ingress包含证书时默认为True) | 布尔 | | nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/force-ssl-redirect | 即使Ingress未启用TLS，也强制重定向到HTTPS | 布尔 | | nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/app-root | 定义Controller必须重定向的应用程序根，如果它在/上下文中 | 串 | | nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/use-regex | 指示Ingress上定义的路径是否使用正则表达式 | 布尔 |
示例
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
name: ingress-rewrite
annotations:
nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/rewrite-target: http://foo.bar.com:31795/hostname.html
spec:
rules:
- host: foo3.bar.com
http:
paths:
- path: /
backend:
serviceName: svc-5
servicePort: 80
存储机制 {#存储机制}
Config Map {#config-map}
ConfigMap功能在Kubernetes1.2版本中引入，许多应用程序会从配置文件、命令行参数或环境变量中读取配置信息。ConfigMap API给我们提供了向容器中注入配置信息的机制，ConfigMap可以被用来保存单个属性，也可以用来保存整个配置文件或者JSON二进制大对象
ConfigMap的创建 {#configmap的创建}
1.使用目录创建 {#1使用目录创建}
$ ls docs/user-guide/configmap/kubectl/
game.properties
ui.properties
$ cat docs/user-guide/config/kubectl/game.properties
enemies=aliens
lives=3
enemies.cheat=true
enemies.cheat.level=noGoodRotten
secret.code.passphrase=UUDDLRLRBABAS
secret.code.allowed=true
secret.code.lives=30
$ cat docs/user-guide/configmap/kubectl/ui.properties
color.good=purple
color.bad=yellow
allow.textmode=true
how.nice.to.look=fairlyNice
`$ kubectl create configmap game-config --from-file=docs/user-guide/configmap/kubectl
`
--from-file指定在目录下的所有文件都会被用在ConfigMap里面创建一个键值对，键的名称就是文件名，值就是文件内容
$ kubectl get configmap
NAME DATA AGE
game-config 2 30s
kube-root-ca.crt 1 7d22h
查看具体信息内容像这样(cm是configmap的简称)
$ kubectl get cm game-config -o yaml
apiVersion: v1
data:
game.properties: |
enemies=aliens
lives=3
enemies.cheat=true
enemies.cheat.level=noGoodRotten
secret.code.passphrase=UUDDLRLRBABAS
secret.code.allowed=true
secret.code.lives=30
ui.properties: |
color.good=purple
color.bad=yellow
allow.textmode=true
how.nice.to.look=fairlyNice
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
creationTimestamp: "2021-01-27T06:57:37Z"
managedFields:
- apiVersion: v1
fieldsType: FieldsV1
fieldsV1:
f:data:
.: {}
f:game.properties: {}
f:ui.properties: {}
manager: kubectl-create
operation: Update
time: "2021-01-27T06:57:37Z"
name: game-config
namespace: default
resourceVersion: "513536"
uid: 74e9713b-8b5f-4512-a348-8691eb5afaca
2. 使用文件创建 {#2-使用文件创建}
只要指定为一个文件就可以从单个文件中创建ConfigMap
$ kubectl create configmap game-config-2 --from-file=docs/user-guide/configmap/kubectl/game.properties
`$ kubectl get configmaps game-config-2 -o yaml
`
--from-file这个参数可以使用多次，例如可以使用两次分别指定上个示例中两个配置文件，效果就和指定整个目录一样
3.使用字面值创建 {#3使用字面值创建}
使用文字值创建，利用--from-literal参数传递配置信息，该参数可以使用多次，格式如下:
$ kubctl create configmap special-config --from-literal=special.how=very --from-literal=special.type=charm
`$ kubectl get configmaps special-config -o yaml
`
Pod中使用ConfigMap {#pod中使用configmap}
1.使用ConfigMap来替代环境变量 {#1使用configmap来替代环境变量}
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
name: special-config
namespace: default
data:
special.how: very
special.type: charm
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
name: env-config
namespace: default
data:
log_level: INFO
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: dapi-test-pod
spec:
containers:
- name: test-container
image: nginx:1.19.6
command: ["/bin/sh", "-c", "env"]
env:
- name: SPECIAL_LEVEL_KEY
valueFrom:
configMapKeyRef:
name: special-config
key: special.how
- name: SPECIAL_TYPE_KEY
valueFrom:
configMapKeyRef:
name: special-config
key: special.type
envFrom:
- configMapRef:
name: env-config
restartPolicy: Never
查看pod日志效果如下
$ kubectl logs dapi-test-pod
KUBERNETES_SERVICE_PORT=443
KUBERNETES_PORT=tcp://10.96.0.1:443
NGINX_SVC_SERVICE_HOST=10.102.29.151
HOSTNAME=dapi-test-pod
HOME=/root
NGINX_SVC_PORT=tcp://10.102.29.151:80
NGINX_SVC_SERVICE_PORT=80
PKG_RELEASE=1~buster
# special.type=charm
SPECIAL_TYPE_KEY=charm
NGINX_SVC_PORT_80_TCP_ADDR=10.102.29.151
NGINX_SVC_PORT_80_TCP_PORT=80
NGINX_SVC_PORT_80_TCP_PROTO=tcp
KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP_ADDR=10.96.0.1
NGINX_VERSION=1.19.6
PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP_PORT=443
NJS_VERSION=0.5.0
KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP_PROTO=tcp
NGINX_SVC_PORT_80_TCP=tcp://10.102.29.151:80
# special.how=very
SPECIAL_LEVEL_KEY=very
# log_level=INFO
log_level=INFO
KUBERNETES_SERVICE_PORT_HTTPS=443
KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP=tcp://10.96.0.1:443
KUBERNETES_SERVICE_HOST=10.96.0.1
PWD=/
2.用ConfigMap设置命令行参数 {#2用configmap设置命令行参数}
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
name: special-config
namespace: default
data:
special.how: very
special.type: charm
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: configmap-test-pod
spec:
containers:
- name: test-container
image: nginx:1.19.6
command:
["/bin/sh", "-c", "echo $(SPECIAL_LEVEL_KEY) $(SPECIAL_TYPE_KEY)"]
env:
- name: SPECIAL_LEVEL_KEY
valueFrom:
configMapKeyRef:
name: special-config
key: special.how
- name: SPECIAL_TYPE_KEY
valueFrom:
configMapKeyRef:
name: special-config
key: special.type
restartPolicy: Never
查看日志效果如下
$ kubectl logs configmap-test-pod
very charm
3.通过数据卷插件使用ConfigMap {#3通过数据卷插件使用configmap}
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
name: special-config
namespace: default
data:
special.how: very
special.type: charm
在数据卷里面使用这个ConfigMap，有不同的选项。最基本的就是将文件填入数据卷，在这个文件中，键就是文件名，键值就是文件内容
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: configmap-volume-pod
spec:
containers:
- name: test-container
image: nginx:1.19.6
command:
["/bin/sh", "-c", "ls /etc/config/ && cat /etc/config/special.how"]
volumeMounts:
- name: config-volume
mountPath: /etc/config
volumes:
- name: config-volume
configMap:
name: special-config
restartPolicy: Never
查看pod日志如下
$ kubectl logs configmap-volume-pod
# 两个文件
special.how
special.type
# special.how内容
very
ConfigMap热更新 {#configmap热更新}
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
name: log-config
namespace: default
data:
log_level: INFO
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: my-nginx
spec:
replicas: 1
selector:
matchLabels:
run: my-nginx
template:
metadata:
labels:
run: my-nginx
spec:
containers:
- name: my-nginx
image: nginx:1.19.6
ports:
- containerPort: 80
volumeMounts:
- name: config-volume
mountPath: /etc/config
volumes:
- name: config-volume
configMap:
name: log-config
创建后查看内容
$ kubectl get pods
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
my-nginx-854969cf95-fmmp9 1/1 Running 0 23s
$ kubectl exec my-nginx-854969cf95-fmmp9 -it -- cat /etc/config/log_level
# 结果为INFO
INFO
此时修改ConfigMap
$ kubectl edit configmap log-config
修改log_level的值未DEBUG等待约10s后再次查看环境变量的值
$ kubectl exec my-nginx-854969cf95-fmmp9 -icat /etc/config/log_level
# 值变为了DEBUG
DEBUG
Secret {#secret}
Secret解决了密码、token、密钥等名干数据的配置问题，而不需要把这些敏感数据暴露到镜像或者Pod Spec中。Secret可以以Volume或者环境变量的方式使用
Secret有三种类型：
- Service Account: 用来访问Kubernetes API, 由Kubernetes自动创建，并且会自动挂载到Pod的
/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount目录中 - Opaque： base64编码格式的Secret，用来存储密码、密钥等
- kubernetes.io/dockerconfigjson: 用来存储私有docker registry的认证信息
Service Account {#service-account}
Service Account 用来访问Kubernetes API, 由Kubernetes自动创建，并且会自动挂载到Pod的/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount目录中
Opaque Secret {#opaque-secret}
- 创建说明
Opaque类型的数据是一个map类型，要求value是base64编码格式
$ echo -n "admin" | base64
YWRtaW4=
$ echo -n "1f2d1e2e67df" | base64
MWYyZDFlMmU2N2Rm
secrets.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
name: mysecret
type: Opaque
data:
username: YWRTAW4=
password: MWYyZDFlMmU2N2Rm
执行过程
$ vim secrets.yaml
# 填充上述 secrets.yaml内容
$ kubectl apply -f secrets.yaml
secret/mysecret created
$ kubectl get secret
NAME TYPE DATA AGE
default-token-kxgcl kubernetes.io/service-account-token 3 8d
mysecret Opaque
可以看到默认有一个default-token,k8s会为每一个 namepace下创建一个SA(Service Account)用于Pod挂载
- 使用方式
方式一：将secret挂载到Volume中
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: secret-test
labels:
name: secret-test
spec:
volumes:
- name: secrets
secret:
secretName: mysecret
containers:
- name: db
image: nginx:1.19.6
volumeMounts:
- name: secrets
mountPath: /etc/secrets
readOnly: true
执行示例
$ kubectl get pods
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
secret-test 1/1 Running 0 6s
$ kubectl exec secret-test -it -- /bin/sh
> ls
password username
> cat username
admin
> cat password
1f2d1e2e67df
方式二：将Secret导入到环境变量中
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: pod-deployment
spec:
replicas: 2
selector:
matchLabels:
app: pod-deployment
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: pod-deployment
spec:
containers:
- name: pod-1
image: nginx:1.19.6
ports:
- containerPort: 80
env:
- name: TEST_USER
valueFrom:
secretKeyRef:
name: mysecret
key: username
- name: TEST_PASSWORD
valueFrom:
secretKeyRef:
name: mysecret
key: password
执行示例:
$ kubectl apply -f pod-deployment.yaml
deployment.apps/pod-deployment created
$ kubectl get pods
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
pod-deployment-6b988699d-ql596 1/1 Running 0 3s
pod-deployment-6b988699d-vwtcw 1/1 Running 0 3s
$ kubectl exec pod-deployment-6b988699d-ql596 -it -- /bin/sh
> echo $TEST_USER
admin
> echo $TEST_PASSWORD
1f2d1e2e67df
kubernetes.io/dockerconfigjson {#kubernetesiodockerconfigjson}
使用Kubeclt创建docker registry认证的secret
$ kubectl create secret docker-registry myregistrykey --docker-server=DOCKER_REGISTRY_SERVER --docker-username=DOCKERUSER --docker-password=DOCKER_PASSWORD --docker-email=DOCKER_EMAIL
`secret "myregistrykey" created
`
在创建Pod的时候，通过imagePullSecrets来引用刚创建的myregistrykey
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: foo
spec:
containers:
- name: foo
# 私有镜像
image: guching/nginx:1.19.6
imagePullSecrets:
- name: myregistrykey
使用hub.docker.com仓库示例
$ kubectl create secret docker-registry myregistrykey --docker-username=guching --docker-password=xxx
secret/myregistrykey created
# foo-pod.yaml内容如上
$ kubectl create -f foo-pod.yaml
pod/foo created
$ kubectl get pods -w
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
foo 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 3s
# 失败了一次
foo 0/1 ErrImagePull 0 34s
# 运行成功
foo 1/1 Running 0 2m36s
Volume {#volume}
容器磁盘上的文件的生命周期是短暂的，这就使得在容器中运行重要应用时会出现一些问题。首先，当容器崩溃时，kubelet会重启它，但是容器中的文件将丢失------容器以干净的状态（镜像最初的状态）重新启动，其次，在Pod中同时运行多个容器时，这些容器之间通常需要共享文件。Kubernetes中的Volume抽象就很好的解决了这些问题。
背景 {#背景}
Kubernetes中的卷有明确的寿命------与封装它的Pod相同。所以，卷的生命比Pod中的所有容器都长，当这个容器重启时数据仍然得以保存。当然，当Pod不再存在时，卷将不复存在。也许更重要的是，Kubernetes支持多种类型的卷，Pod可以同时使用任意数量的卷
卷的类型 {#卷的类型}
Kubernetes支持以下类型的卷:
awsElasticBlockStore、azureDisk、azureFile、cephfs、csi、downwardAPI、emptyDirfc、flocker、gcePersistentDisk、gitRepo、glusterfs、hostPath、iscsi、nfspersistentVolumeClaim、projected、portworxVolume、quobyte、rbd、scaleIO、secretstorageos、vsphereVolume
emptyDir {#emptydir}
当Pod被分配给节点时，首先会创建emptyDir卷，并且只要该POd在该节点上运行，该卷就会存在。正如卷的名字所述，它最初是空的。Pod中容器可以读取和写入emptyDir卷中的相同文件，尽管该卷可以挂载到每个容器中的相同或不同路径上。当出于任何原因从节点中删除Pod时，emptyDir中的数据将被永久删除（注：容器崩溃时不会从节点中移除Pod，因此emptyDir卷中的数据在容器崩溃时是安全的）
emptyDir的用法有：
- 暂存空间，例如用于基于磁盘的合并排序
- 用作长时间计算崩溃恢复时的检查点
- Web服务器容器提供数据时，保存内容管理器容器提取的文件
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: test-pod
spec:
containers:
- name: test-container
image: nginx:1.19.6
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /cache
# 挂载cache-volume卷
name: cache-volume
volumes:
- name: cache-volume
emptyDir: {}
不同的容器可以使用不同的mountPath指向同一个卷例如
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: test-pod
spec:
containers:
- name: test-container
image: nginx:1.19.6
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /cache
name: cache-volume
- name: busybox
image: busybox:1.32
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
command: ["/bin/sh", "-c", "sleep 3600s"]
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /test
name: cache-volume
volumes:
- name: cache-volume
emptyDir: {}
如上test-container容器的卷路径为cache，而busybox容器的卷路径为test都是指向同一个卷cache-volume内容是共享的只是路径不同
hostPath {#hostpath}
hostPath卷将主机节点的文件系统中的文件或目录挂载到集群中
hostPath的用途如下：
- 运行需要访问Docker内部的容器，使用
/var/lib/docker的hostPath - 在容器中运行
cAdvisor使用/dev/cgroups的hostPath
除了所需要的path属性之外，用户还可以为hostPath卷指定type
| 值 | 行为 | |-------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------| | | 空白字符串（默认）用于向后兼容，这意味着在挂载hostPath卷之前不会执行任何检查 | | DirectoryOrCreate | 如果在给定的路径上没有任何东西存在，那么将根据需要在那里创建一个空目录，权限设置为755,与Kubelet具有相同的组和所有权 | | Directory | 给定的路径下必须存在目录 | | FileOrCreate | 如果在给定的路径上没有任何东西存在，那么会根据需要创建一个空文件，权限设置为0644,与Kubelet具有相同的组和所有权 | | File | 给定的路径下必须存在文件 | | Socket | 给定的路径下必须存在UNIX套接字 | | CharDevice | 给定的路径下必须存在字符设备 | | BlockDevice | 给定的路径下必须存在块设备 |
使用这种卷类型时请注意：
- 由于每个节点上的文件都不同，具有相同的配置（例如从PodTemplate创建）的Pod在不同节点上的行为可能会有所不同
- 当Kubernetes按照计划添加资源感知调度时，将无法考虑hostPath使用的资源
- 在底层主机上创建的文件或目录只能由root写入。你需要在特权容器中以root身份运行进程，或修改主机上的文件权限以便写入hostPath卷
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: test-pod-1
spec:
containers:
- name: test-container
image: nginx:1.19.6
volumeMounts:
- mountPath: /cache
name: cache-volume
volumes:
- name: cache-volume
hostPath:
# 主机中的目录路径
path: /data
# 类型，可选值
type: Directory
注意：如果使用minikube driver=docker方式执行则hostPath.path在minikube容器中
Persistent Volume {#persistent-volume}
Persistent Volume简称PV,是由管理员设置的存储，它是集群的一部分，就像节点是集群中的资源一样，PV也是集群中的资源。PV是Volume之类的卷插件，但具有独立于使用PV的Pod的生命周期。此API对象包含存储实现的细节，即NFS、ISCSI或特定与云供应商的存储系统
PersistentVolumesClaim
PersistentVolumesClaim是用户存储的请求，简称PVC。它与Pod相似，Pod消耗节点资源，PVC消耗PV资源。Pod可以请求特定级别的资源(CPU和内存)。声明可以请求特定的大小和访问模式（例如，可以读/写一次或只读多次模式挂载）
静态PV
集群管理员创建一些PV，他们带有可供集群用户使用的实际存储的细节。他们存在与Kubernetes API中，可以用于消费
动态
当管理员创建的静态PV都不匹配用户的PersistentVolumeClaim时，集群可能会尝试动态的为PVC创建卷。此配置基于StorageClasses:PVC必须请求[存储类],并且管理员必须创建并配置该类才能进行动态创建。声明该类为""可以有效的禁用其动态配置
要器用基于存储级别的动态存储配置，集群管理员需要器用API server上的DefaultStorageClass[准入控制器]。例如，通过确保DefaultStorageClass位于API Server组建的--admission-control标志，使用逗号分隔
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