51工具盒子
一、基础命令
查看当前数据库的版本
* SELECT @@VERSION;
查看服务器部分特殊信息
* select SERVERPROPERTY(N'edition') as Edition --数据版本，如企业版、开发版等
* ,SERVERPROPERTY(N'collation') as Collation --数据库字符集
* ,SERVERPROPERTY(N'servername') as ServerName --服务名
* ,@@VERSION as Version --数据库版本号
* ,@@LANGUAGE AS Language --数据库使用的语言，如us_english等
获取数据库当前时间
* SELECT GETDATE() AS CurrentDateTime;
查看数据库启动的参数
* sp_configure
查看所有数据库用户登录信息
* sp_helplogins
查看数据库启动时间（最近一次）
* select convert(varchar(30),login_time,120) from master..sysprocesses where spid=1
查看有多少个端口
* SELECT * FROM sys.dm_tcp_listener_states;
查看当前的连接数
* SELECT COUNT(*) AS [Connection Count] FROM sys.dm_exec_connections;
查看各个磁盘分区的剩余空间
* Exec master.dbo.xp_fixeddrives
查看数据库的磁盘使用情况
* Exec sp_spaceused
查看数据库服务器各数据库日志文件的大小及利用率
* DBCC SQLPERF(LOGSPACE)
查看当前占用 cpu 资源最高的会话和其中执行的语句
* select spid,cmd,cpu,physical_io,memusage,
* (select top 1 [text] from ::fn_get_sql(sql_handle)) sql_text
* from master..sysprocesses order by cpu desc,physical_io desc
查看缓存中重用次数少，占用内存大的查询语句（当前缓存中未释放的）
* SELECT TOP 100 usecounts, objtype, p.size_in_bytes,[sql].[text]
* FROM sys.dm_exec_cached_plans p OUTER APPLY sys.dm_exec_sql_text (p.plan_handle) sql
* ORDER BY usecounts,p.size_in_bytes desc
看BUFFER POOL中，都缓存了哪些表(当前数据库)的数据
* select OBJECT_NAME(object_id) 表名,COUNT(*) 页数,COUNT(*)*8/1024.0 Mb
* from sys.dm_os_buffer_descriptors a,sys.allocation_units b,sys.partitions c
* where a.allocation_unit_id=b.allocation_unit_id
* and b.container_id=c.hobt_id
* and database_id=DB_ID()
* group by OBJECT_NAME(object_id)
* order by 2 desc
查看用户的权限
* EXEC sp_helprotect;
查看当前数据库内存使用情况
* select * from sys.dm_os_process_memory
查询当前数据库缓存的所有数据页面，哪些数据表，缓存的数据页面数量
* -- 查询当前数据库缓存的所有数据页面，哪些数据表，缓存的数据页面数量
* -- 从这些信息可以看出，系统经常要访问的都是哪些表，有多大？
* select p.object_id, object_name=object_name(p.object_id), p.index_id, buffer_pages=count(*)
* from sys.allocation_units a,
* sys.dm_os_buffer_descriptors b,
* sys.partitions p
* where a.allocation_unit_id=b.allocation_unit_id
* and a.container_id=p.hobt_id
* and b.database_id=db_id()
* group by p.object_id,p.index_id
* order by buffer_pages desc
查询缓存中具体的执行计划，及对应的SQL
* -- 查询缓存中具体的执行计划，及对应的SQL
* -- 将此结果按照数据表或SQL进行统计，可以作为基线，调整索引时考虑
* -- 查询结果会很大，注意将结果集输出到表或文件中
* SELECT usecounts ,
* refcounts ,
* size_in_bytes ,
* cacheobjtype ,
* objtype ,
* TEXT
* FROM sys.dm_exec_cached_plans cp
* CROSS APPLY sys.dm_exec_sql_text(plan_handle)
* ORDER BY objtype DESC ;
* GO
查看具体某个用户的权限
SELECT p.class_desc, OBJECT_NAME(p.major_id) AS object_name, p.permission_name, p.state_desc, u.name AS user_name
FROM sys.database_permissions p
JOIN sys.database_principals u ON p.grantee_principal_id = u.principal_id
WHERE u.name = 'test'
查看注册时的实例名
* SELECT * FROM sys.servers;
查询用户角色
* select SrvRole = g.name, MemberName = u.name, MemberSID = u.sid
* from sys.server_principals u, sys.server_principals g, sys.server_role_members m
* where g.principal_id = m.role_principal_id
* and u.principal_id = m.member_principal_id
* order by 1, 2
* go
看服务器角色
* select 用户名 = u.name,管理员权限 = g.name,是否在用 = u.is_disabled,MemberSID = u.sid
* from sys.server_principals u, sys.server_principals g, sys.server_role_members m
* where g.principal_id = m.role_principal_id
* and u.principal_id = m.member_principal_id
* and g.name = 'sysadmin'
* order by 1, 2
* go
查询当前用户所有用户表
* select name from sysobjects where xtype='u' order by name
查看所有的数据库
* Select Name FROM Master..SysDatabases orDER BY Name
查看服务器角色相关信息
* SP_HELPSRVROLE
* SP_HELPSRVROLEMEMBER 服务器角色
* SP_HELPSRVROLE 服务器角色
查看数据库角色相关信息
* SP_HELPROLE
* SP_HELPROLEMEMBER 数据库角色
* SP_HELPROLE 数据库角色
查看用户相关信息
* SP_HELPUSER
* SP_HELPUSER 数据库用户名
查看上次启动以来尝试的连接数
* select @@connections //返回 SQL Server 自上次启动以来尝试的连接数，无论连接是成功还是失败
当前实例允许同时进行的最大用户连接数
* select @@max_connections
* //返回 SQL Server 实例允许同时进行的最大用户连接数。返回的数值不一定是当前配置的数值
查询当前最大的连接数
* SELECT value_in_use
* FROM sys.configurations c
* WHERE c.name = 'user connections'; #0表示无限制
设置修改连接数
* exec sp_configure 'show advanced options', 1
* RECONFIGURE WITH OVERRIDE
* exec sp_configure 'user connections', 300
* RECONFIGURE WITH OVERRIDE
查询当前会话超时时间
* select @@lock_timeout //返回当前会话的当前锁定超时设置（毫秒）。
查询每个用户的连接数
* select loginame,count(1) as Nums
* from sys.sysprocesses
* group by loginame
* order by 2 desc
* select spid,ecid,status,loginame,hostname,cmd,request_id
* from sys.sysprocesses where loginame='' and hostname=''
查看当前活动的实例
* SELECT CURRENT_USER AS [Current User], SESSION_USER AS [Session User];
查看当前活动进程
* SELECT * FROM sys.dm_exec_requests;
查看所有数据库的大小
* SELECT
* DB_NAME(database_id) AS DatabaseName,
* SUM(size/128.0) AS SizeInMB,
* SUM(size/128.0)/1024 AS SizeInGB
* FROM
* sys.master_files
* GROUP BY
* database_id
* ORDER BY
* SizeInMB DESC;
查看某个数据库的大小
* SELECT sys.databases.name AS [Database Name],
* CAST(SUM(size * 8 / 1024.0) AS DECIMAL(10,2)) AS [Size (MB)]
* FROM sys.master_files
* INNER JOIN sys.databases ON sys.master_files.database_id = sys.databases.database_id
* WHERE sys.databases.name = 'master'
* GROUP BY sys.databases.name;
* #也可以用EXEC sp_spaceused @updateusage = N'TRUE';
查看当前数据库的日志大小
* SELECT sys.databases.name AS [Database Name],
* CAST(size * 8 / 1024.0 AS DECIMAL(10,2)) AS [Log File Size (MB)]
* FROM sys.master_files
* INNER JOIN sys.databases ON sys.master_files.database_id = sys.databases.database_id
* WHERE sys.databases.name = 'master'
* AND sys.master_files.type = 1;
查询当前数据库的表和视图
* SELECT TABLE_NAME AS [Table/View Name], TABLE_TYPE AS [Type]
* FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES
* WHERE TABLE_TYPE IN ('BASE TABLE', 'VIEW');
查询表结构信息
* sp_help 'test';
二、运维小技巧
一次性清除数据库所有表的数据（高危操作，谨慎）
* CREATE PROCEDURE sp_DeleteAllData
* AS
* EXEC sp_MSForEachTable 'ALTER TABLE ? NOCHECK CONSTRAINT ALL'
* EXEC sp_MSForEachTable 'ALTER TABLE ? DISABLE TRIGGER ALL'
* EXEC sp_MSForEachTable 'DELETE FROM ?'
* EXEC sp_MSForEachTable 'ALTER TABLE ? CHECK CONSTRAINT ALL'
* EXEC sp_MSForEachTable 'ALTER TABLE ? ENABLE TRIGGER ALL'
* EXEC sp_MSFOREACHTABLE 'SELECT * FROM ?'
* GO
数据备份与恢复
备份
* BACKUP DATABASE test TO DISK = 'C:\backup\MyDatabase.bak';
恢复
* RESTORE DATABASE MyDatabase FROM DISK = 'C:\backup\MyDatabase.bak';
完整数据库备份
* BACKUP DATABASE test
* TO DISK = 'C:\Backup\MyDatabase.bak'
* WITH FORMAT, MEDIANAME = 'MyDatabase_Full', NAME = 'Full Backup';
差异备份
* BACKUP DATABASE test
* TO DISK = 'C:\Backup\MyDatabase_diff.bak'
* WITH DIFFERENTIAL, FORMAT, MEDIANAME = 'MyDatabase_Diff', NAME = 'Differential Backup';
事务日志备份
* BACKUP LOG test
* TO DISK = 'C:\Backup\MyDatabase_log.trn'
* WITH NOFORMAT, NOINIT, NAME = N'MyDatabase_LogBackup', SKIP, NOREWIND, NOUNLOAD, STATS = 10;
还原数据库
* RESTORE DATABASE test
* FROM DISK = 'C:\Backup\MyDatabase.bak'
* WITH FILE = 1, NOUNLOAD, REPLACE, STATS = 5;
创建账户及数据库用户
* #创建账户
* CREATE LOGIN test WITH PASSWORD = '123123';
* #创建数据库用户并映射到登录名
* CREATE USER test FOR LOGIN test;
* ALTER ROLE db_datareader ADD MEMBER test; -- 给予读权限
* ALTER ROLE db_datawriter ADD MEMBER test; -- 给予写权限
SQL优化相关、执行时间
* SELECT creation_time N'语句编译时间'
* ,last_execution_time N'上次执行时间'
* ,total_physical_reads N'物理读取总次数'
* ,total_logical_reads/execution_count N'每次逻辑读次数'
* ,total_logical_reads N'逻辑读取总次数'
* ,total_logical_writes N'逻辑写入总次数'
* ,execution_count N'执行次数'
* ,total_worker_time/1000 N'所用的CPU总时间ms'
* ,total_elapsed_time/1000 N'总花费时间ms'
* ,(total_elapsed_time / execution_count)/1000 N'平均时间ms'
* ,SUBSTRING(st.text, (qs.statement_start_offset/2) + 1,
* ((CASE statement_end_offset
* WHEN -1 THEN DATALENGTH(st.text)
* ELSE qs.statement_end_offset END
* - qs.statement_start_offset)/2) + 1) N'执行语句'
* FROM sys.dm_exec_query_stats AS qs
* CROSS APPLY sys.dm_exec_sql_text(qs.sql_handle) st
* WHERE SUBSTRING(st.text, (qs.statement_start_offset/2) + 1,
* ((CASE statement_end_offset
* WHEN -1 THEN DATALENGTH(st.text)
* ELSE qs.statement_end_offset END
* - qs.statement_start_offset)/2) + 1) NOT LIKE '%fetch%'
* ORDER BY total_elapsed_time / execution_count DESC;
查看job运行持续时间
* SELECT
* [T1].[job_id]
* ,[T1].[name] AS [job_name]
* ,[T2].[run_status]
* ,[T2].[run_date]
* ,[T2].[run_time]
* ,[dbo].[agent_datetime]([T2].[run_date], [T2].[run_time]) AS [run_datetime]
* ,[T2].[run_duration]
* ,DATEDIFF(SECOND, '1900-01-01', DATEADD(SECOND, 31, [dbo].[agent_datetime](19000101, [run_duration]))) AS [run_duration_s]
* FROM
* [dbo].[sysjobs] AS T1
* INNER JOIN [dbo].[sysjobhistory] AS T2
* ON [T2].[job_id] = [T1].[job_id]
* WHERE
* [T1].[enabled] = 1
* AND [T2].[step_id] = 0
* AND [T2].[run_duration] >= 1
* and [T1].[name]='PIMS_CreatePaperCraftParameterAnalysisData'
* ORDER BY
* [T2].[job_id] ASC
* ,[T2].[run_date] ASC
* GO
从所有缓存中释放所有未使用的缓存条目
* DBCC FREESYSTEMCACHE('ALL');
查询、解除死锁
* --查询表死锁信息
* select object_name(resource_associated_entity_id) as tableName, request_session_id as pid from sys.dm_tran_locks
* where resource_type = 'OBJECT'
*
* dbcc opentran
*
* --查看死锁的详细信息、执行的sql语句
* exec sp_who2 53
* --exec sp_who 53
* DBCC inputbuffer (53)
*
* --解除死锁
* kill 53
查询SQL Server根据CPU消耗列出前5个最差性能的查询
* -- Worst performing CPU bound queries
* SELECT TOP 5
* st.text,
* qp.query_plan,
* qs.*
* FROM sys.dm_exec_query_stats qs
* CROSS APPLY sys.dm_exec_sql_text(qs.plan_handle) st
* CROSS APPLY sys.dm_exec_query_plan(qs.plan_handle) qp
* ORDER BY total_worker_time DESC
* GO
查询数据库中各数据表大小
* -- =============================================
* -- 描 述：更新查询数据库中各表的大小，结果存储到数据表中
* -- =============================================
*
* --查询是否存在结果存储表
* IF NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sysobjects where id = OBJECT_ID(N'temp_tableSpaceInfo') AND OBJECTPROPERTY(id, N'IsUserTable') = 1)
* BEGIN
* --不存在则创建
* CREATE TABLE temp_tableSpaceInfo
* (name NVARCHAR(128),
* rows char(11),
* reserved VARCHAR(18),
* data VARCHAR(18),
* index_size VARCHAR(18),
* unused VARCHAR(18))
* END
* --清空数据表
* DELETE FROM temp_tableSpaceInfo
*
* --定义临时变量在遍历时存储表名称
* DECLARE @tablename VARCHAR(255)
*
* --使用游标读取数据库内所有表表名
* DECLARE table_list_cursor CURSOR FOR
* SELECT name FROM sysobjects
* WHERE OBJECTPROPERTY(id, N'IsTable') = 1 AND name NOT LIKE N'#%%' ORDER BY name
*
* --打开游标
* OPEN table_list_cursor
* --读取第一条数据
* FETCH NEXT FROM table_list_cursor INTO @tablename
*
* --遍历查询到的表名
* WHILE @@FETCH_STATUS = 0
* BEGIN
* --检查当前表是否为用户表
* IF EXISTS (SELECT * FROM sysobjects WHERE id = OBJECT_ID(@tablename) AND OBJECTPROPERTY(id, N'IsUserTable') = 1)
* BEGIN
* --当前表则读取其信息插入到表格中
* EXECUTE sp_executesql N'INSERT INTO temp_tableSpaceInfo EXEC sp_spaceused @tbname', N'@tbname varchar(255)', @tbname = @tablename
* END
* --读取下一条数据
* FETCH NEXT FROM table_list_cursor INTO @tablename
* END
*
* --释放游标
* CLOSE table_list_cursor
* DEALLOCATE table_list_cursor
*
* SELECT *,replace(reserved,'KB','')/1024 数据表大小M FROM temp_tableSpaceInfo order by replace(reserved,'KB','')/1024 desc
* drop table temp_tableSpaceInfo
显示如何依据I/O消耗来找出你性能最差的查询
* -- Worst performing I/O bound queries
* SELECT TOP 5
* st.text,
* qp.query_plan,
* qs.*
* FROM sys.dm_exec_query_stats qs
* CROSS APPLY sys.dm_exec_sql_text(qs.plan_handle) st
* CROSS APPLY sys.dm_exec_query_plan(qs.plan_handle) qp
* ORDER BY total_logical_reads DESC
* GO
压缩数据库、文件、日志
* DBCC ShrinkFile('数据库名', targetsize); /* 收缩数据库文件 */
* DBCC ShrinkFile('数据库名_log', targetsize); /* 收缩日志文件 */
* Targetsize：单位为兆，必须为整数，DBCC SHRINKFILE 尝试将文件收缩到指定大小。
*
* DBCC SHRINKFILE 不会将文件收缩到小于"实际使用的空间"大小，例如"分配空间"为10M，"实际使用空间"为6M，当制定targetsize为1时，则将该文件收缩到6M，不会将文件收缩到1M。
*
* --收缩数据库
* DBCC SHRINKDATABASE(数据库名，百分比)
* 百分比：即"收缩后文件中的最大可用空间"，取值范围"大于等于0， 小于100%"，实际使用中设为0即可。
查询数据库表字段各项属性信息，便于直接复制导出excel表
* SELECT
* 表名 = Case When A.colorder=1 Then D.name Else '' End,
* 表说明 = Case When A.colorder=1 Then isnull(F.value,'') Else '' End,
* 字段序号 = A.colorder,
* 字段名 = A.name,
* 字段说明 = isnull(G.[value],''),
* 标识 = Case When COLUMNPROPERTY( A.id,A.name,'IsIdentity')=1 Then '√'Else '' End,
* 主键 = Case When exists(SELECT 1 FROM sysobjects Where xtype='PK' and parent_obj=A.id and name in (
* SELECT name FROM sysindexes WHERE indid in( SELECT indid FROM sysindexkeys WHERE id = A.id AND colid=A.colid))) then '√' else '' end,
* 类型 = B.name,
* 占用字节数 = A.Length,
* 长度 = COLUMNPROPERTY(A.id,A.name,'PRECISION'),
* 小数位数 = isnull(COLUMNPROPERTY(A.id,A.name,'Scale'),0),
* 允许空 = Case When A.isnullable=1 Then '√'Else '' End,
* 默认值 = isnull(E.Text,'')
* FROM
* syscolumns A
* Left Join
* systypes B
* On
* A.xusertype=B.xusertype
* Inner Join
* sysobjects D
* On
* A.id=D.id and D.xtype='U' and D.name<>'dtproperties'
* Left Join
* syscomments E
* on
* A.cdefault=E.id
* Left Join
* sys.extended_properties G
* on
* A.id=G.major_id and A.colid=G.minor_id
* Left Join
*
* sys.extended_properties F
* On
* D.id=F.major_id and F.minor_id=0
* --where d.name='OrderInfo' --如果只查询指定表,加上此条件
* Order By
* A.id,A.colorder
数据库缓存清理
* CREATE PROCEDURE [dbo].ClearMemory
* AS
* BEGIN
* --清除所有缓存
* DBCC DROPCLEANBUFFERS
* --打开高级配置
* exec sp_configure 'show advanced options', 1
* --设置最大内存值，清除现有缓存空间
* exec sp_configure 'max server memory', 25600
* EXEC ('RECONFIGURE')
* --设置等待时间
* WAITFOR DELAY '00:00:01'
* --重新设置最大内存值
* EXEC sp_configure 'max server memory',40960
* EXEC ('RECONFIGURE')
* --关闭高级配置
* exec sp_configure 'show advanced options',0
* END
* GO
三、日常运维操作
数据库用户、权限操作
* USE [master]
* GO
* --待确认账号密码
* CREATE LOGIN [NDIT] WITH PASSWORD=N'1', DEFAULT_DATABASE=[PIMS], CHECK_EXPIRATION=OFF, CHECK_POLICY=OFF
* GO
* USE PIMS
* go
* CREATE USER [NDIT] FOR LOGIN [NDIT]
* GO
* --大权限， 如果是指定的部分表，不执行这个，如果是所有内容都可以读，用此脚本
* --EXEC sp_addrolemember N'db_datareader', N'NDIT'
* --GO
* --指定特定表名赋予新增/更新/查询
* DECLARE @Sql NVARCHAR(max)
* SET @Sql=''
* --table
* --SELECT @Sql=@Sql+'GRANT INSERT,UPDATE,SELECT ON ['+a.name+'] TO [NDIT];' FROM sys.tables AS a WHERE name IN ('Tab1','Tab2');
* --view
* --SELECT @Sql=@Sql+'GRANT INSERT,UPDATE,SELECT ON ['+a.name+'] TO [NDIT];' FROM sys.views AS a WHERE name IN ('view1','view2');
* --procedure
* --SELECT @Sql=@Sql+'GRANT INSERT,UPDATE,SELECT ON ['+a.name+'] TO [NDIT];' FROM sys.procedures AS a WHERE name IN ('proc1','proc2');
*
* PRINT @Sql
*
* EXEC(@Sql)
* go
*
* --禁用登陆帐户
* alter login NDIT disable
* --启用登陆帐户
* alter login NDIT enable
*
* --登陆帐户改名
* alter login NDIT with name=dba_tom
*
* --登陆帐户改密码：
* alter login NDIT with password='aabb@ccdd'
*
* --数据库用户改名：
* alter user NDIT with name=dba_tom
*
* --更改数据库用户 defult_schema：
* alter user NDIT with default_schema=sales
*
* --删除数据库用户：
* drop user NDIT
*
* --删除 SQL Server登陆帐户：
* drop login NDIT
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